a)   Music and Protest in 1960s Europe

For in-depth material on the role of pop music in the social transformation of the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy, see Marwick (1998); for Northern and Western Europe, see Schildt/Siegfried (2006). For the United Kingdom, cf. Osgerby (1998) and Green (1999); for Denmark, Martinov (2000) and Jenson/Jørgensen (2007); for East Germany, Rauhut (1993); for West Germany, Siegfried (2006); for insight into France, Yonnet (1996).

For an overview of the history of rock music between 1954 and 1971, cf. the still valid Gillett (1996); on the relationship between pop music and politics, see Street (1986). For theoretical and social-historical criticism, see Eyerman/Jamison (1998) and Leggewie (1998). For the social relevance of pop music as mass culture and its relationship to political protest, see Frith (1978), Chambers (1983), Frith/Home (1987), and Wicke (1990 and 2006).

• Chambers, Iain. Urban Rhythms. Pop Music and Popular Culture. London: Macmillan, 1984.
• Eyerman, Ron and Andrew Jamison. Music and Social Movements: Mobilizing Traditions in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
• Frith, Simon, The Sociology of Rock. London: Constable, 1978.
• Frith, Simon and Howard Horne. Art into Pop. London: Methuen, 1987.
• Gillett, Charlie. The Sound of the City. The Rise of Rock and Roll, 2nd ed. New York: Da Capo, 1996.
• Green, Jonathon. All Dressed Up: The Sixties and the Counterculture. London: Pimlico, 1999.
• Jensen, Steven and Thomas Ekman Jørgensen. 1968—og det der fulgte. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 2008.
• Leggewie, Claus. “A Laboratory of Postindustrial Society: Reassessing the 1960s in Germany.” In 1968: The World Transformed, edited by Carole Fink, Philipp Gassert, and Detlef Junker, 277–94. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
• Martinov, Niels. Ungdomsoprøret i Danmark. Et portræt af årene, der rystede musikken, billedkunsten, teatret, litteraturen, filmen og familien. Copenhagen: Aschehoug, 2000.
• Marwick, Arthur. The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c.1958–c.1974. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
• Osgerby, Bill. Youth in Britain Since 1945. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
• Rauhut, Michael. Beat in der Grauzone: DDR–Rock 1964 bis 1972—Politik und Alltag. Berlin: Basis Druck, 1993.
• Schildt, Axel and Detlef Siegfried, eds. Between Marx and Coca–Cola: Youth Cultures in Changing European Societies, 1960–1980. New York: Berghahn Books, 2006.
• Siegfried, Detlef. Time Is on My Side: Konsum und Politik in der westdeutschen Jugendkultur der 60er Jahre. Göttingen: Wallstein, 2006.
• Street, John. Rebel Rock: The Politics of Popular Music. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986.
• Wicke, Peter. Rock Music: Culture, Aesthetics and Sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
• Wicke, Peter. “Music, Dissidence, Revolution, and Commerce: Youth Culture between Mainstream and Subculture.” In Between Marx and Coca–Cola: Youth Cultures in Changing European Societies, 1960–1980, edited by Axel Schildt and Detlef Siegfried, 106–23. New York: Berghahn Books, 2006.
• Yonnet, Paul. Jeux, Modes et Masses: La Société Française et la Moderne 1945–1985. Paris: Gallimard, 1996.

b)   Motions and Emotions

Because every social phenomenon has an emotional dimension, it is extremely difficult to draw up an overarching analysis of the moods, feelings, and affects of the counterculture, pop music, and movements surrounding 1968. For a broad view of the American counterculture and its effect on Europe, see Braunstein/Doyle (2002) and McConnell (2004).

An emotional dissociation from 1968, resulting in an affective acting-out against the movements, is provided by Collier/Horowitz (1996). Different aspects of emotional identification in Europe are discussed in Kraushaar (2000) and Giles/Oergel (2003). For cross-country and transatlantic transfers of emotional styles and affective patterns, see Marwick (1999) and DeKoven (2004).

The religious dimension is analyzed by Oppenheimer (2003) and Kießling (2006). For interesting insights into the personal experience and biography, see Cain (1999).

• Braunstein, Peter and Michael Doyle, eds. Imagine Nation. The American Counterculture of the 1960s and ’70s. New York: Routledge, 2002.
• Cain, Chelsea. Wild Child. Girlhood in the Counterculture. Seattle: Seal Press, 1999.
• Collier, Peter and David Horowitz, eds. Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts about the Sixties. New York: Free Press, 1996.
• DeKoven, Marianne. Utopia Limited. The Sixties and the Emergence of the Postmodern. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004.
• Frank, Thomas. The Conquest of Cool: Business Culture, Counterculture, and the Rise of Hip Consumerism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
• Giles, Steve and Maike Orgel, eds. Counter-Cultures in Germany and Central Europe. From Sturm und Drang to Baader-Meinhof. Bern: Lang, 2003.
• Gitlin, Todd. The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
• Kießling, Simon. Die antiautoritäre Revolte der 68er: Postindustrielle Konsumgesellschaft und säkulare Religionsgeschichte der Moderne. Köln: Böhlau, 2006.
• Kraushaar, Wolfgang. 1968 als Mythos, Chiffre und Zäsur. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2000.
• Marwick, Arthur. The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c.1958–c.1974. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
• McConnell, William, ed. The Counterculture Movement of the 1960s. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004.
• Oppenheimer, Mark. Knocking on Heaven's Door. American Religion in the Age of Counterculture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
• Swingrover, Elizabeth, ed., The Counterculture Reader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2004.