General Sources for "1968" / U.S. Influence:

This section includes general links on postwar Europe and the Cold War. For more specific information on the "1968" in the individual countries, please see the categories on the left margin.


See here for further information on archival sources on "1968 in Europe." >>> more

 

Documents:

  1. Karl Marx / Friedrich Engels. "The Communist Manifesto" (1847)
  2. Henry David Thoreau, "Civil Disobedience" (1849)
  3. Georg Lukács, "History & Class Consciousness" (1919-1923)
  4. Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (1936)
  5. Walter Benjamin, "On the Concept of History" (1940)
  6. Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer, "The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" (from: Dialectic of Enlightenment, 1944)
  7. Allen Ginsberg, "A Supermarket in California" (1955)
  8. Allen Ginsberg, "Howl" (1956)
  9. Jack Kerouac, "On the Road" (1957), (Full Text)
  10. C. Wright Mills, "The Power Elite" (1956)
  11. C. Wright Mills, "Letter to the New Left" (1960)
  12. Jean-Paul Sartre, "Preface to Frantz Fanon’s 'Wretched of the Earth'" (1961)
  13. Frantz Fanon, "The Wretched of the Earth: Conclusion" (1961)
  14. Louis Althusser, "Marxism and Humanism" (1964)
  15. Paul Mattick, "Humanism and Socialism" (1965)
  16. Herbert Marcuse, "Eros and Civilization" (Boston: Beacon, 1955)
  17. Herbert Marcuse, "One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society" (Boston: Beacon, 1964)
  18. Herbert Marcuse, "Repressive Tolerance" (1965)
  19. Herbert Marcuse, "Liberation from the Affluent Society" 1967 lecture in London, incl. audio)
  20. Herbert Marcuse, "The End of Utopia" and "The Problem of Violence"
    (July 1967 lectures in Berlin)
  21. Mao Zedong, "Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong ('Little Red Book')" (1966)
  22. Che Guevara, "Message to the Tricontinental" (April 16, 1967) (Spanish)
  23. The 9th World Congress of the United Secretariat of the Fourth International, "The Worldwide Youth Radicalization and the Tasks of the Fourth International," International Socialist Review (July-August 1969)
  24. Ernest Mandel, "Ten Theses on the Social and Economic Laws Governing the Society Transitional Between Capitalism and Socialism" (1973)
  25. Ernest Mandel, "Revolutionary Strategy in Europe" (1976)

 

Source Collections:

  1. The New Reasoner, 1957-1959, Amiel and Melburn Trust Archive
  2. Universities & Left Review, 1957-1959, Amiel and Melburn Trust Archive
  3. Socialist Register, 1964-, Amiel and Melburn Trust Archive
  4. New Left Review, 1960- (with fully indexed archive, charges by article)
  5. International Socialist Review, (1956-1970)
  6. Radical America, 1967-1978, Brown University, Digital Collections
  7. Internet Modern History Sourcebook, "Eastern Europe Since 1945"
  8. Internet Modern History Sourcebook, "Western Europe Since 1945"
  9. CWIHP Virtual Archive, online documents on international relations during the Cold War (e.g. the Warsaw Pact countries)
  10. U.S. Department of State, "Foreign Relations of the U.S." (FRUS), online documents on postwar diplomatic relations from 1950 to 1976

 

Images:

  1. "1968: The year that changed history," Guardian
  2. "Signs of Change: Social Movement Cultures 1960s to the Present," Exhbition at Exit Art, New York

 

Documentaries/Videos Online:

  1. "Herbert's Hippopotamus: Marcuse in Paradise"
  2. "TV Debate between Norman Mailer and Marshall McLuhan," from: "The Summer Way" CBC (1968)
  3. "1968 TV Highlights"
  4. "History Project: 1968 Yearbook"
  5. Conference, "Mai 1968: Diversités internationales et convergence nationale," Centre de Recherches Politiques de Sciences Po, April 14, 2008 (Intro, Part 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
  6. Debate, "What is the Legacy of May 1968?," France 24 (May 5, 2008)
  7. "Rethinking the Sixties," To the Best of our Knowledge (2008)
  8. "The Legacy of the 1960s," Panel discussion with SDS founder Tom Hayden, former Weathermen leader Bernardine Dohrn, former Black Panther Jamal Joseph and David Fenton (November 8, 2008)

 

Related Articles:

  1. "On Not Losing One's Cool About the Young," Time Magazine (December 24, 1965)
  2. "Rebellion in Europe," Time Magazine (December 22, 1967)
  3. "Why Those Students are Protesting," Time Magazin (May 3, 1968)
  4. "The Cult of Che," Time Magazine (May 17, 1968)
  5. "What a Year!," Time Magazine (August 30, 1968)
  6. "Die internationale Dimension der Studentenbewegung," Panel Discussion with Luisa Passerini und Daniel Bertraux (June 6, 1988, German)
  7. Roger Scruton, "When is a 'popular protest' popular?" OpenDemocracy (January 10, 2002)
  8. Johann Hari, "Looking for the real 1968 revolution," International Herald Tribune (November 25, 2005)
  9. Jonathan Darman, "1968: The Year That Changed Everything," Newsweek (November 19, 2007)
  10. Matthew Engel, "1968," in: Intelligent Life (Winter 2007)
  11. "Mail Call: A Turbulent Time," Newsweek (Jan 15, 2008)
  12. "1968: The Power of the Masses," Socialist Worker Online (January 19, 2008)
  13. Sean O'Hagen, "Everyone to the barricades," The Observer (January 20, 2008)
  14. "These were the days that shook the world," Interviews by Tom Templeton and Kate Kellaway, The Observer (January 20, 2008)
  15. Jane Mery, "1968: A tour of Europe's revolts," Cafebabel (January 23, 2008)
  16. Interview with Daniel Cohn-Bendit, "Stop the comparisons with 1968," Cafebabel (January 23, 2008)
  17. Zoltán Balázs, "1968: The Birth of Secular Eternity," Telos (January 28, 2008)
  18. Boris Kagarlitsky, "The Lessons Of 1968," St. Petersburg Times, 1343, 7 (January 29, 2008)
  19. Barbara Tóth, “'A 68er from former Czechoslovakia and a 68er from Germany are two completely different identities',” Kontakt Report (February 2008)
  20. "1968 uprising still offers lessons," Vietnam News (February 2, 2008)
  21. Rick Perlstein, "Getting Past the '60s? It's Not Going to Happen," Washington Post (February 3, 2008)
  22. Bryan Appleyard, "Reassessing the Seventies," Times Online (February 10, 2008)
  23. John Lichfield, "Egalité! Liberté! Sexualité!: Paris, May 1968," The Independent (February 23, 2008)
  24. Jan Skórzynski, "The other Europe’s 1968," in: Malta Independent Online (March 2008)
  25. Krzys Wasilewski, "The Memorable Year of 1968," in: Student Operated Press (March 10, 2008)
  26. John Hoyland, "Power to the People," in: Guardian (March 15, 2008)
  27. Tom Stoppard, "1968: The Year of the Posturing Rebel," in: The Sunday Times (March 16, 2008)
  28. Jonathan King, "Anniversary of a Rebellion," in: UC Berkeley News (March 19, 2008)
  29. Magnus Linklater, "1968: We Made a Difference," in: The Times (March 19, 2008)
  30. Harry Reid, "Four Decades On, Students Have Finally Come of Age," in: The Herald (March 20, 2008)
  31. John Harris, "I wasn't born in 1968 - but I yearn for its dizzying spirit," in: The Guardian (March 21, 2008)
  32. Tariq Ali, "Where has all the rage gone?," in: Guardian (March 22, 2008)
  33. Meike Dülffer, "1968 - A European Movement?," in: euro|topics (March 26, 2008)
  34. Christopher Hitchens, Kay S. Hymowitz, Setfan Kanfer, Guy Sorman, Harry Stein, Sol Stern, "May 1968: 40 Years Later," in: Citiy Journal (Spring 2008)
  35. Roger Kimball, "What the Sixties Brought," Weltwoche Online 04/08
  36. Belinda Davis, "What's Left? Popular Political Participation in Postwar Europe," in: American Historical Review, 113:363–390 (April 2008)
  37. Sheila Rowbotham, "Changing Gear," in: The Guardian (April 21, 2008)
  38. Michael Burleigh, "We Beat the 68ers Once. We Must Do It Again," in: Telegraph (May 4, 2008)
  39. Swapan Dasgupta, "The Spirit of 1968," in: The Times of India (May 4, 2008)
  40. Gerard J. DeGroot, "Both the Left and the Right Misremember the Sixties," in: History News Network (May 5, 2008)
  41. Gerard DeGroot, "A Message to You, Rudi," in: The Guardian (May 6, 2008)
  42. Daniel Cohn-Bendit, "An Elusive Legacy," in: The Guardian (May 6, 2008)
  43. Nick Fraser, "Philosophy in the Streets," BBC Radio Podcast (May 7, 2008)
  44. Timothy Garton Ash, "This Tale of Two Revolutions and Two Anniversaries May Yet Have A Twist," in: The Guardian (May 8, 2008)
  45. Mike Marqusee, "A Year of Creeping Terror," in: The Guardian (May 11, 2008)
  46. Gerard DeGroot, "1968: The Year the Dream Died," in: Colorado Daily (May 14, 2008)
  47. Jon Henley, "1968: I was there," in: The Guardian (May 21, 2008)
  48. Amina Elbendary, "Recalling 1968," in: Al-Ahram, 898 (May 22-28, 2008)
  49. Martin Kettle, "A Watershed Year?," in: The Guardian (May 26, 2008)
  50. Jan Malewski, "A Breach Has Opened, Now Let's Widen It," in: International Viewpoint, 400 (May 2008)
  51. Roger Cohen, "The Year that Changed the World," in: New York Times (May 29, 2008)
  52. Symposium: "Liberty or its Illusion?," (Part 1, 2, 3, 4), in: Prospect Magazine (starting May 2008)
  53. Dick Howard, "An International New Left?," in: Democratiya 13, Sommer 2008
  54. Fred Halliday, "1968: The Global Legacy," in: OpenDemocracy (June 11, 2008)
  55. Todd Gitlin, "From 1968 to Eternity," in: Los Angeles Times (June 17, 2008)
  56. Slavoj Zizek, "The Ambiguous Legacy of ‘68," in: In These Times (June 20, 2008)
  57. Henri Astier, "Paris 68: Revolution or Charade?," in: BBC News (June 30, 2008)
  58. Olga Martynova, "Zwischen Paris und Prag: 1968 in der Sowjetunion," in: NZZ (July 19, 2008)
  59. Gene Kerrigan, "A Sixties Revival: Without the Flares," Irish Independent (August 24, 2008)
  60. Giles Scott-Smith, "We Are All Undesirables: May 68 and its Legacy," in: EJAS Special Issue (September 2008)
  61. Mary Carole McCauley, "Welcome to the '60s," in: Baltimore Sun (October 26, 2008)

 

Related Websites:

  1. "European Navigator: Navigator Through the History of a United Europe"
  2. "Media '68" (Website on the global dimension of 1968)
  3. "1968 Revisited," New York University Archives
  4. The Sixties Project, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
  5. Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars
  6. Harvard Project on Cold War Studies
  7. The National Security Archive, George Washington University
  8. Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security (PHP), Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
  9. "Herbert Marcuse," Official Homepage
  10. "American Cultural History, 1960-69," Kingwood College Library
  11. Richard Jensen, "Vietnam War Bibliography"
  12. The Vietnam Center and Archive, Texas Tech University
  13. "Das Erbe der 1968er," Treffpunkt Europe, Deutsche Welle (January 25, 2008)
  14. "1968 - Myth or Reality?," BBC 4
  15. BBC Memoryshare: 1968, BBC 4
  16. "1968: The Year of Revolt," The Guardian
  17. AREA Chicago Blog, "1968/2008: The Inheritance of Politics and the Politics of Inheritance"
  18. Goethe-Institute, "1968-2008 Worldwide"
  19. Mark Dunton, "1968," in: National Archives UK, Podcast (June 09, 2008)

 


U.S. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

Due to the shaping influence of U.S. social movements and countercultures on the European protest movements in the 1960/70s, a brief section on the U.S. American scene is included here.

 

Documents:

  1. "SDS/WUO Document Archive," Next Left Notes

 

Documentaries/Movies Online:

  1. "Operation Correction" (1961, 47 min), Part I / II: American Civil Liberty Union's (ACLU) critique of "Operation Abolition," a movie produced by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) on student demonstrations in San Francisco in May 1960. (Perlinger Archives)
  2. Newsreel, "The Columbia Revolt" (1968, 59 min), Part I / II: Documentary on the Columbia University student strike and takeover in 1968. (Prelinger Archives)
  3. CBS News, Walter Cronkite, "Report on Vietnam" (February 27, 1968)
  4. U.S. Department of Defense, "A Day in America" (1968, 28 min), Part I / II: Patriotic mosaic of American scenes at the height of the Vietnam War. (Prelinger Archives)
  5. "Conventions: The Land Around Us," Documentary on the 1968 Chicago Democratic National Convention
  6. "Sex, Drugs and the Cold War, 1959-1972"
  7. "Brink of Disaster!" (1972, 29 min), Part I / II: How 1960s activism "threatens" American moral, religious and ethical principles. (Prelinger Archives)
  8. "Steal This Movie!" (2000), biographical film on Abbie Hoffman.
  9. "Yippie! The Story of the Youth International Party" (2006)
  10. CNN, "1968-2008: Something's Happening Here," in: CNN Election Center (June 6, 2008)
  11. "The Kent State Protest: Standing Up Against the Vietnam War" (2007)
  12. Anti-Vietnam War Movement, 1960/70s (selected footage)

 

Images:

  1. Lisa Law, "Flashing on the Sixties"
  2. Robert Altman, "The Sixties"
  3. "Remember 1968 in Chicago?," in: Chicago Tribune (June 2008)
  4. "War, Riots and a Presidential Election: Chicago 1968," Weekly Online Comic, in: Webcomics Nation
  5. "The Whole World Was Watching: Images from the 1968 Chicago Riots," Exhibiton at Panopticon Gallery, Boston
  6. Bill O'Brian, "Woodstock Revisited," in: Washington Post (October 5, 2008)

 

Related Articles:

  1. Todd Gitlin, "Unending 1968," in: Goethe-Institut, Dossier 1968
  2. Mike Marqusee, "1968: The Mysterious Chemistry of Social Change," in: Red Pepper (March 2008)
  3. Paul Harris, "Echoes of 1968 Return to Haunt the Divided Democrats," in: The Observer (March 23, 2008)
  4. Stephen Cohen, "Deja Vu: 2008 as 1968," in: Huffington Post (March 26, 2008)
  5. David Judd, "Against 1968 Nostalgia," in: Columbia Spectator (March 31, 2008)
  6. Tom Hayden, "Why Hillary Makes My Wife Scream," in: The Nation (April 22, 2008)
  7. Paul Auster, "The Accidental Rebel," in: New York Times (April 23, 2008)
  8. Video of Columbia Strike Anniversary Conference, "Forty Years After Historic Columbia Strike, Four Leaders of 1968 Student Uprising Reflect," in: Democracy Now! (April 25, 2008)
  9. Robin Shulman, "At Columbia, Remembering a Revolution," in: Washington Post (April 27, 2008)
  10. Letters to the Editor, "In ’68, Our Protests Made a Difference," in: New York Times (April 30, 2008)
  11. Tom Hayden, "Writings for a Democratic Society," Interview, Z-Net (May 22, 2008)
  12. Swans, "Special Convention Fever Issue -- Chicago '68," (June 2, 2008)
  13. Amitai Etzioni, "On the Campus: Forty Years Later," in: Huffington Post (June 2, 2008)
  14. "Where Were You in '68?," in: UC Berkely News (June 4, 2008)
  15. Tom Hayden, "Obama and RFK," Z-Net (June 08, 2008)
  16. Philipp Gassert, "Not an Annus Mirabilis: 1968 in the USA," Auslandsinformationen, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (August 18, 2008)
  17. Ben Hoyle, "The 1960s? Sell-outs. Radical Youth Means the 1930s," in: Times Online (October 9, 2008)
  18. Mark Brown, "Historian Says Beatles Were Just Capitalists, And Not Youth Heroes," in: The Guardian (October 9, 2008)
  19. Linda Robertson, "1968 Mexico City Olympic Games Heralded Change," in: Miami Herald (October 12, 2008)

 

Related Websites:

  1. History Channel, "History Rocks: The 60s" (PBS)
  2. "The Sixties: The Years that Shaped a Generation" (PBS)
  3. "The Sixties," Course Website, University of Miami
  4. SLATE Digital Archives
  5. The Free Speech Movement Archive
  6. Free Speech Movement Digital Archive, UC Berkeley
  7. Weblinks "The 1960s" (Historyteacher)
  8. Todd Gitlin, "How to remember 1968," Los Angeles Times (January 5, 2008)
  9. The Sixties Museum
  10. Laura Axelrod, "Project 1968"
  11. "Columbia 1968 and the World: A 40th Anniversary Event," April 24-27, 2008
  12. Blog, "The Sixties" (Collected Articles on the 1960s)